Article table of contents: C
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It is now possible to establish a chronological framework for the long history of Ancient South Arabia (ASA), although data from the 1st millennium BCE are rather tenuous on the whole, compared to historical reconstructions for other areas of the Ancient Near East. Historical synchronisms with external events are very scarce. Therefore, palaeographic criteria are often the only tools available to define an at-least-relative chronology for the 1st millennium BCE, despite the fact that they are methodologically fragile. However, more precise data are available for the historical and chronological reconstruction of the 8th–early 6th centuries BCE and from the 1st century BCE to the end of the ASA history in the 6th century CE.
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Chronology of Southeast Arabia
Two main terminologies are currently used to describe the chronology of Southeast Arabia between the 2nd millennium BCE and the 7th century CE. In the United Arab Emirates, the terminology is organized into two main periods, labelled the Iron Age (late 2nd millennium BCE – 250 BCE) and the Late Pre-Islamic period (250 BCE - 7th cent. CE). In the Sultanate of Oman, a distinct terminology has been proposed: including an early Iron Age (1200-300 BCE) and a Late Iron Age (1st cent. BCE – 9th cent. CE).
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See Rituals
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A cistern is a container in which water is collected and stored. These devices can retain water for human or animal consumption or for deferred use in agriculture. They can also level and regulate water flow, from underground draining galleries for instance.
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This entry covers the coinage (coined money, not other monetary forms) produced within the Arabian Peninsula between ca. 400 BCE and 300 CE, excluding imported foreign coins (Greek, i.e., Athenian/Macedonian/Seleucid silver, and late Roman and Axumite gold coins). The area covered lies roughly within the quadrangle Gaza-Aden-Fujairah-Kuwait. The presentation follows both geographical (regions/kingdoms) and typological ("Owls" and "Alexanders") criteria. Although within the Peninsula's economic and cultural spheres, the coinages of Nabataea and Characene are excluded. Numbers in brackets refer to illustrations, letters in brackets to symbols and monograms listed in Figure 27.
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See Text typology