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  • Ibn Ṣayyād

    Michael Lecker

    Ibn Ṣayyād (or Ibn Ṣāʾid) was a Jewish youth who lived in Medina when the Prophet Muḥammad was there (622-32 CE). Ibn Ṣayyād’s family was associated with the Najjār branch of the Khazraj, one of the two main Arab tribes of Medina. In an encounter with Muḥammad, Ibn Ṣayyād recognised him as God’s messenger to the Gentiles (rasūl al-ummiyyīn), namely the Arabs, and demanded that Muḥammad recognize him as a messenger (to the Jews?). His name was Ṣāf or Ṣāfī, and upon his conversion to Islam he received the name ʿAbdallāh. His son ʿUmāra was considered a trustworthy scholar in the field of Muslim tradition (hadith).

  • Ichthyophagoi

    Romolo Loreto

    Ichthyophagoi (fish-eaters), coastal people referred to by textual sources (5th cent. BCE – 2nd cent. CE Greek-Roman authors) as living along the ‘River Ocean’ coastlines, between Arabia and Iperborei, and the Erythraean Sea (Red Sea). Archaeological research on the Iron Age of northern coastal Oman defines the area where Ichthyophagoi lived, the Iron Age horizon of coastal seasonal settlements in the inner oases of the al-Ḥajar mountain landscapes.

  • Ilīʿazz Yaluṭ bin Yadaʿʾīl

    Serguei Frantsouzoff

    King of Ḥaḍramawt, who ruled in the mid-1st cent. CE.

  • Ilīʿazz Yaluṭ bin ʿAmmīdhakhar

    Serguei Frantsouzoff

    King of Ḥaḍramawt, who ruled in the early 3rd cent. CE.

  • Imperial Aramaic

    See Aramaic

  • Imruʾ al-Qays

    Peter Webb

    Arabic poet of the first half of the sixth century CE; Muslim-era litterateurs consider Imruʾ al-Qays to be one of the earliest and most celebrated of all pre-Islamic Arabic poets.

  • Incense burner

    See Cult objects

  • Infantryman

    See Warfare

  • Informal script

    See Script

  • Inqitat

    Silvia Lischi

    A promontory in Dhofar with numerous traces of human presence: a local settlement (HAS1), traces of South Arabian occupation and an Early Islamic settlement (HAS2) involved in Indian Ocean trade activities.

  • Invocations

    See Text typology

  • Iron

    Lloyd Weeks

    A pure metal or alloy – in the form of steel – used for the production of tools and weapons in pre-Islamic Arabia. Archaeological evidence indicates the predominance of secondary iron working, i.e. smithing, prior to the Islamic period, probably reliant on metal imported from outside Arabia.

  • Iron Age

    See Chronology of Ancient Arabia

  • Irrigation

    Julien Charbonnier

    Irrigation consists of artificially bringing water to agricultural crops.

  • Ithrā

    Pauline Piraud-Fournet

    Archaeological area in the Upper Wādī al-Sirḥān. The main occupation of the area extends from the Iron Age to the Early Islamic period.

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